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I've always wondered this--you should only have to restart linux if you change the kernel!--and I think I found out how:

do:

sudo /etc/init.d/alsa-utils restart

But sometimes this won't work if something is really holding on to the sound so do:

name@comp:~$ lsof | grep pcm
sh 5079 name 70u CHR 116,6 13639 /dev/snd/pcmC0D0p

esd 5080 name 70u CHR 116,6 13639 /dev/snd/pcmC0D0p

to find the process id and then kill it and restart:

name@comp:~$ kill -9 5079
name@comp:~$ kill -9 5080
name@comp:~$ lsof | grep pcm

sudo /etc/init.d/alsa-utils restart

and hopefully that will work.